بازخوانی قانون توزیع عادلانه آب از منظر حکمرانی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه زمین‌شناسی کاربردی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

بحران آب در ایران بیش از آنکه پدیده‌ای اقلیمی باشد، معلول ناکارآمدی‌های ساختاری، نهادی و حقوقی است. هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل انتقادی قانون توزیع عادلانه آب (۱۳۶۱) از منظر شاخص‌های حکمرانی مدرن و بررسی نقش تمرکزگرایی قانونی در ناترازی آبخوان‌ها و شکل‌گیری «تسخیر اداری» است. این تحقیق کیفی با رویکردی توصیفی-تحلیلی، مفاد قانون مذکور را با اصول ۱۲گانه حکمرانی آب OECD و چارچوب UNDP تطبیق داده و چالش‌ها را در سه محور نهادی، سیاسی-اقتصادی و فنی واکاوی کرده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که قانون ۱۳۶۱ با تبدیل آب از دارایی مشترک اجتماعی به کالای دولتی، موجب حذف مشارکت جامعه محلی و فرسایش دانش بومی شده است. همچنین، گسست میان نهادهای تخصیص و توزیع و پدیده تسخیر اداری توسط گروه‌های ذی‌نفوذ، مانع اجرای مدیریت یکپارچه منابع آب (IWRM) شده است. تعارض میان این قانون و قانون تعیین تکلیف چاه‌های فاقد پروانه (۱۳۸۹) به عنوان عاملی کلیدی در خنثی‌سازی سیاست‌های تعادل‌بخشی شناسایی شد. نتایج پژوهش تصریح می‌کند که مدل مدیریت بالا به پایین فعلی، کارایی خود را در مواجهه با بحران‌های پیچیده اجتماعی-اکولوژیکی از دست داده است. برای برون‌رفت از این بن‌بست، نظام حکمرانی ایران نیازمند گذار به حکمرانی چندمرکزی و چندسطحی است. این گذار مستلزم اصلاحات ساختاری شامل: تدوین قانون جامع آب بر پایه دکترین امانت عمومی، نهادینه‌سازی مدیریت حوضه‌محور، اولویت‌بخشی قانونی به حقابه اکولوژیک و بازگرداندن مشروعیت از طریق مشارکت واقعی ذی‌نفعان در سطوح عالی تصمیم‌گیری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

مراجع

Ahmadi, S., & Badisar, S. (2017). The right to water in international human rights system. Environmental Law, 1(1), 38–50.
Akhmouch, A., & Clavreul, D. (2017). Towards inclusive water governance: OECD evidence and key principles of stakeholder engagement in improving water governance. In Stakeholder engagement for inclusive water governance (pp. 37–59). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43350-9_3
Barraqué, B. (2012). Return of drinking water supply in Paris to public control. Water Policy, 14(6), 903–914. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.143
Bartram, J., & Cronk, R. (2015). Vulnerability assessment for loss of access to drinking water due to extreme weather events. Climatic Change, 133(4), 665–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1483-5
Bauer, C. J. (1998). Against the current: Privatization, water markets, and the state in Chile. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Boelens, R., Perreault, T., & Vos, J. (Eds.). (2018). Water justice. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316835798
Canelas de Castro, P. (2011). The evolution of international water law. In Sustainable development of the theory and practice of the law of international watercourses (pp. 15–32). WIT Press.
Castro, J. E. (2007). Water governance in the twenty-first century. Ambiente & Sociedade, 10(2), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-753X2007000200007
Cherrabi El Alaoui, S. (2011). Traditional and modern water management in the Tafilalet region: The case of the Ghorfa. In S. Bogdanovic (Ed.), Water policy and law in the Mediterranean: An evolving nexus (pp. 123–134). UNESCO.
Cuadrado-Quesada, G. (2022). Governing groundwater: Between law and practice. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92778-3
Cuadrado-Quesada, G., & Gupta, J. (2019). Participation in groundwater governance: Outlining a path to inclusive development. Water Policy, 21(5), 1050–1064. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.142
Cuadrado-Quesada, G., Gupta, J., & Mirumachi, N. (2016). Ruling T-622/16. European Court of Justice.
Doshi, S. (2007). Imperial water, urban crisis: A political ecology of colonial state formation in Bombay, 1850–1890. Review: Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center, 30(3), 195–226.
Environment Protection Authority. (2017). Environment Protection Act 2017. Victorian Government.
Falkenmark, M., & Wang-Erlandsson, L. (2021). A water-function-based framework for understanding and governing water resilience in the Anthropocene. One Earth, 4(2), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.01.009
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2013). Water accounting for water governance and sustainable development. FAO.
Folke, C., Biggs, R., Norström, A. V., Reyers, B., & Rockström, J. (2016). Social-ecological resilience and biosphere-based sustainability science. Ecology and Society, 21(3), Article 41. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08771-210341
Garrick, D., Iseman, T., Gilson, G., Brozović, N., O’Donnell, E., Matthews, N., Miralles-Wilhelm, F., Wight, C., & Young, W. (2017). Valuing water for sustainable development. Science, 358(6366), 1003–1005. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8700
Gupta, J., & Pahl-Wostl, C. (2013). Global water governance in the context of global and multilevel governance: Its need, form, and challenges. Ecology and Society, 18(4), Article 53. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05952-180453
GWP Technical Advisory Committee. (2000). Integrated water resources management. Global Water Partnership.
Hall, D., Lobina, E., & Terhorst, P. (2013). Re-municipalisation in the early twenty-first century: Water in France and energy in Germany. International Review of Applied Economics, 27(2), 193–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2012.754507
Hanasaki, N., Kanae, S., Oki, T., Masuda, K., Motoya, K., Shirakawa, N., Shen, Y., & Tanaka, K. (2008). An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources—Part 1: Model description and input data. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 12(4), 1007–1026. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1007-2008
Hooper, B., & Lankford, B. (2018). Unintended water allocation: Gaining share from indirect subsidy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 139, 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.08.004
Hrachowitz, M., & Clark, M. P. (2017). HESS opinions: The complementary merits of competing modelling philosophies in hydrology. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 21(9), 3953–3973. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3953-2017
InnWater. (2025). D2.2: Advancing water governance: Reference guide for programming. EU Horizon InnWater Project.
Kahrizi, M., Kasiri, N., Mohammadi, T., & Zhao, S. (2014). Introducing sorption coefficient through extended UNIQUAC and Flory-Huggins models for improved flux prediction in forward osmosis. Journal of Membrane Science, 474, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.09.039
Kanazawa, M. (1998). Efficiency in western water law: The development of the California doctrine, 1850–1911. The Journal of Legal Studies, 27(1), 159–185. https://doi.org/10.1086/468021
Kidd, M. (2016). Compulsory licensing under South Africa’s National Water Act. Water International, 41(6), 916–927. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1138401
Larson, A. M., Sarmiento Barletti, J. P., & Gálvez, E. (2019). The role of multi-stakeholder forums in subnational jurisdictions: Framing literature review for in-depth field research (CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 190). CIFOR. https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/007381
Maass, A., & Anderson, R. L. (1978). And the desert shall rejoice: Conflict, growth and justice in arid environments. MIT Press.
Martínez-Fuentes, G., & Pattyn, V. (2011). Autonomization of drinking water management supply? The Tunisian experience. In S. Bogdanovic (Ed.), Water policy and law in the Mediterranean: An evolving nexus (pp. 145–156). UNESCO.
Moschell, L. (2024). Governing the right to water. Florida State University Journal of Transnational Law & Policy, 29(1), 1–25.
Murray, J., Reynolds, S., Holden, P., & Van De Werfhorst, L. (2011). Canine scent and microbial source tracking in Santa Barbara, CA: Pathogens and pathogen indicators. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 13(8), 2015–2022. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1EM10162A
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2014). Water governance in the Netherlands: Fit for the future? OECD Studies on Water. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264102637-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2015). OECD principles on water governance. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264239326-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2017). Water quality modelling, monitoring and management. OECD Publishing.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2018). Implementing the OECD principles on water governance: Indicator framework and self-assessment tool. OECD Studies on Water. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264292659-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). Water science, policy, and management: A global challenge. Wiley.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2024). A handbook of what works. OECD iLibrary.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2024a). The economics of water scarcity (OECD Environment Working Papers No. 245). https://doi.org/10.1787/06943700-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2024b). Lack of trust in institutions and political engagement: An analysis based on the 2021 OECD Trust Survey (OECD Working Papers on Public Governance No. 64). https://doi.org/10.1787/83351a47-en
Pahl-Wostl, C. (2015). Water governance in the face of global change: From understanding to transformation. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21855-7
Pisani, D. J. (2002). Water and American government: The Reclamation Bureau, national water policy, and the West, 1902–1935. University of California Press.
Poupeau, F. (2022). The field of water policy: Power and scarcity in the American Southwest. Routledge.
Poupeau, F., Coeurdray, M., Cortinas, J., & O’Neill, B. F. (2016). The making of water policy. In Water bankruptcy in the land of plenty (pp. 101–118). CRC Press.
Prieto, M., Calderón, M., & Fragkou, M. (2020). Water policy and management in Chile. In The Wiley encyclopedia of water: Science, technology, and society (pp. 2589–2600). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118889157.ch3
Raworth, K. (2012). A safe and just space for humanity: Can we live within the doughnut? Oxfam Discussion Papers.
Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin, F. S., III, Lambin, E. F., Lenton, T. M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H. J., Nykvist, B., de Wit, C. A., Hughes, T., van der Leeuw, S., Rodhe, H., Sörlin, S., Snyder, P. K., Costanza, R., Svedin, U., … Foley, J. A. (2009). A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461(7263), 472–475. https://doi.org/10.1038/461472a
Rogers, P., & Hall, A. W. (2003). Effective water governance (Global Water Partnership Technical Committee Background Papers No. 7).
Sardar Shahraki, A., Shahraki, J., & Hashemi Monfared, S. A. (2016). An application of WEAP model in water resources management considering the environmental scenarios and economic value of water. Journal of Water and Irrigation Management, 6(1), 1–14.
Schorr, D. B. (2011). Private rights in publicly-owned water: The pathology of Israeli water law. In S. Bogdanovic (Ed.), Water policy and law in the Mediterranean: An evolving nexus (pp. 179–190). UNESCO.
Shahbakhsh, M., Safdari, A., & Sardar Shahraki, A. (2020). Assessment of modern approach of water governance in the development of water exploitation systems in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Journal of Water and Irrigation Management, 10(1), 1–15.
Smith, Z. A. (2008). Comparative groundwater management: Findings from an exploratory global survey. Water International, 33(2), 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060801970283
Thomas, E., & Godfrey, S. (2018). Water safety plans: Global extensions and developments. IWA Publishing.
United Nations Development Programme. (1997). Governance for sustainable human development. UNDP Policy Document.
United Nations Development Programme. (2013). Water governance in the Arab region: Managing scarcity and securing the future. UNDP Regional Bureau for Arab States.
Valdovinos, J. (2012). The remunicipalization of Parisian water services: New challenges for local authorities and policy implications. Water International, 37(2), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2012.656869
Valeria di Cosmo, L. (2011). The real water consumption behind drinking water: The case of Italy. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(12), 2611–2618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.007
van Rijswick, H. F. M. W., Keessen, A. M., & Freriks, A. A. (2010). The clash of the titans: The relation between the European Water and Medicines Directives. Utrecht Law Review, 6(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.18352/ulr.122
Wang-Erlandsson, L., van der Ent, R. J., Gordon, L. J., & Savenije, H. H. G. (2021). Towards a green water planetary boundary. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 3(2), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-00136-3
Water Policy Group. (2021). Global water policy report 2021: Listening to national water leaders. Water Policy Group. https://doi.org/10.26190/unsworks/27645
Whitehead, P. G., Wilson, E. J., & Butterfield, D. (1998). A semi-distributed integrated nitrogen model for multiple source assessment in catchments (INCA): Part I—Model structure and process equations. Science of the Total Environment, 210–211, 547–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00037-0
Wilder, M., & Ingram, H. (2018). Knowing equity when we see it: Water equity in contemporary global contexts. In The Oxford handbook of water politics and policy (pp. 1–20). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.22
World Economic Forum. (2018). The global risks report 2018 (13th ed.). World Economic Forum.
World Health Organization. (1991). Environmental health criteria 118: Inorganic mercury. WHO International Programme on Chemical Safety.
Worster, D. (1985). Rivers of empire: Water, aridity, and the growth of the American West. Pantheon Books.
World Wildlife Fund. (2018). Living planet report 2018: Aiming higher. WWF.
Yousefi, H., Mohammadi, A., Mirzaaghabeik, M., & Noorollahi, Y. (2013). Virtual water evaluation for grains products in Iran: Case study: Pea and bean. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 15(6), 1263–1274.
Islamic Republic of Iran. (1983). Law on the fair distribution of water (No. 1983/12/16). Majlis-e Shura-ye Islami.
Ministry of Energy, Islamic Republic of Iran. (2011). National document on water resources development.
Costa Rica. (1995). Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (No. 7554). La Gaceta, No. 195.
Government of India, Ministry of Water Resources. (2012). National water policy 2012.
Republic of South Africa. (1998). National Water Act (No. 36 of 1998). Government Gazette, 398(19182).
United States. (1902). Reclamation Act, ch. 1093, 32 Stat. 388.
حکمرانی منابع طبیعی
دوره 3، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 9
فروردین 1405
صفحه 112-134

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار