حکمرانی پایدار جنگل‌های هیرکانی؛ کاهش اثرات آشفتگی ناشی از بهره‌برداری بر خاک جنگل

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.

چکیده

حکمرانی سازگار خاک در جنگل‌های هیرکانی مستلزم شناخت دقیق پیامدهای بهره‌برداری بر زیست‌بوم خاک است. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی اثرات عملیات چوب‌کشی بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در بازه‌های زمانی ۷، ۱۰، ۱۵ و ۲۰ سال (میان‌مدت) پس از بهره‌برداری، تحت سطوح مختلف تردد (کم، متوسط، زیاد و دپو) در جنگل‌های هیرکانی (منطقه خیرود) پرداخته است. متغیرهای فیزیکی (جرم مخصوص ظاهری، تخلخل، مقاومت به نفوذ، رطوبت و بافت خاک) و شیمیایی (کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل، نسبت C/N و pH) با استفاده از تجزیه واریانس و تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی (PCA) در نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و SAS JMP واکاوی شدند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که جرم مخصوص ظاهری و مقاومت به نفوذ خاک در مسیرهای چوب‌کشی در مقایسه با مناطق شاهد، به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش، و تخلخل و رطوبت خاک کاهش یافته است. همچنین، محتوای کربن آلی و نیتروژن خاک کاهش یافته و اسیدیته خاک در مسیرهای مذکور افزایش (کاهش pH) نشان داد. نتایج تحلیل PCA تأیید کرد که شاخص‌های فشردگی خاک (جرم مخصوص ظاهری و مقاومت به نفوذ) با رطوبت، کربن، نیتروژن و pH همبستگی منفی، و با شدت تردد و زمانِ سپری شده از بهره‌برداری همبستگی مثبت دارند؛ این شاخص‌ها مهم‌ترین عوامل تمایز بین مناطق تخریب‌یافته و دست‌نخورده جنگل شناخته شدند. اگرچه پس از گذشت دو دهه روند احیای خاک قابل‌مشاهده بود، اما ویژگی‌های خاک در مسیرهای با تردد شدید همچنان به سطح مناطق شاهد بازنگشته است. این نتایج بر ضرورت حکمرانی یکپارچه و اکوسیستم‌محور تأکید دارد. تدوین استانداردهای فنی جهت کاهش تردد، به‌کارگیری ماشین‌آلات با فشار سطحی کم، زمان‌بندی عملیات بر اساس شرایط رطوبتی خاک و مشارکت فعال بهره‌برداران، از راهکارهای کلیدی برای گذار به مدیریت پایدار و بلندمدت منابع جنگلی محسوب می‌شود.

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