حکمرانی پایدار تالاب‌ها از طریق هم‌بست نظام‌های اجتماعی و اکولوژیک: ارائه الگوی گذار به معیشت‌های سازگار (مورد مطالعه: دریاچه ارومیه)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.

چکیده

ناپایداری طرح‌های حفاظت از تالاب‌ها و تعارض منافع میان جوامع محلی و محیط‌زیست، از چالش‌های اصلی حکمرانی منابع طبیعی در کشور است که اثربخشی سیاست‌های مبتنی بر رویکردهای دستوری و صرفاً حفاظتی را محدود کرده است. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد نظام‌های اجتماعی - اکولوژیک، به تبیین سازوکارهای گذار به معیشت‌های سازگار و ارائه الگوی عملیاتی برای همسوسازی منافع اقتصادی با اهداف حفاظتی در حوزه آبریز دریاچه ارومیه پرداخت. این پژوهش از نظر ماهیت، کیفی و با روش «تحلیل محتوای کیفی استقرایی» انجام شد. مشارکت‌کنندگان در پژوهش شامل 21 نفر از خبرگان دانشگاهی، مدیران اجرایی و نمایندگان جوامع محلی بودند که با استفاده از روش‌های نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و گلوله‌برفی تا حد اشباع نظری انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها، مصاحبه‌های عمیق نیمه‌ساختارمند بود که روایی و اعتبار آن از طریق تکنیک‌های سه‌سویه‌سازی و بازبینی مشارکت‌کنندگان تأیید شد. تحلیل داده‌ها در نرم‌افزار MAXQDA 24 نشان داد الگوی حکمرانی معیشت‌های تالابی در دریاچه ارومیه بر پنج پیشران اصلی و 22 نشانه کلیدی استوار است. بر اساس نتایج، مقوله «تقویت ظرفیت‌های نهادی و ساختاری» بالاترین اولویت و پس از آن، مقوله‌های «سرمایه اجتماعی و مشروعیت‌بخشی»، «انسجام سیاستی و شبکه ذی‌نفعان»، «سازوکارهای تأمین مالی پایدار و اقتصاد سبز» و «آموزش و آگاهی‌سازی» قرار گرفتند. درمجموع یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد پایداری بلندمدت تالاب‌ها در گرو «تاب‌آوری معیشتی» جوامع محلی است؛ بدین معنا که هرگاه معیشت ساکنان از ظرفیت کافی برای مقاومت در برابر شوک‌های اقتصادی - اکولوژیک و تطبیق با شرایط جدید برخوردار باشد، وابستگی آنان به بهره‌برداری مستقیم از منابع محدود تالابی کاهش می‌یابد و انگیزه‌های حفاظت از اکوسیستم در منطق اقتصادی آنان درونی می‌شود. این یافته دلالت‌های مهمی برای نظام حکمرانی در بر داشته و بر این نکته تأکید دارد که فراتر از حصارکشی فیزیکی، سیاست‌های اثربخش باید بر اصلاح ساختارهای نهادی، تسهیل‌گری اقتصادی و بازسازی سرمایه اجتماعی برای خروج از «تله معیشتی» تمرکز کنند.

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