Designing a Water Governance Model in Iran Based on the Principles of Open and Sustainable Governance

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

Abstract

Due to the lack of a comprehensive and holistic water governance model that properly understands and manages the interrelationships among the various components of the system, water management practices in Iran have, in many cases, led to crises and instability in water resources as well as widespread consequences in other sectors. In the current era, with the expansion of information and communication technologies, modern governance models, including open governance, have been considered by researchers as effective approaches for improving resource management. The present study aims to design a water governance model for Iran based on the principles of open governance and sustainable governance. This study followed a qualitative-exploratory approach and employed mixed methods. In the first step, through a systematic review of the relevant literature, the indicators, requirements, and solutions for open and sustainable governance were extracted from 72 articles. Then, for each indicator, practical requirements and solutions, in addition to those from the literature, were identified and completed through thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with water experts. The combination of these two stages and the prioritization of indicators and requirements using the DEMATEL method and expert scoring provided the basis for designing the proposed model. The findings indicate that by implementing practical solutions and observing the requirements related to transparency and access to information, participation and collaboration, accountability and responsibility, technology and innovation, flexibility, holism, evidence-based approach, purposiveness, and value-orientation, a theoretical and practical framework for Iran's water governance can be presented. This framework, by adopting a systemic approach, can help reform governance structures, achieve optimal management of water resources, and effectively address the country's water crises.
 
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Sustainable management of water resources in Iran has faced numerous challenges in recent decades. The absence of a comprehensive and holistic governance model capable of understanding and coordinating the interrelationships among the diverse components of the water management system (including decision-making bodies, water users, policymakers, and civil society) has led to widespread instabilities and crises in the country's water resources. In the current era, with the expansion of information and communication technologies, new governance models, such as open governance, have garnered researchers' attention as efficient approaches for improving resource management. This research aims to design a water governance model in Iran based on the principles of open governance and sustainable governance. The primary objective of this study is to identify the key concepts of open and sustainable governance and systematically apply them to Iran's water governance system, in a way that can enhance efficiency and equity in resource allocation, thereby facilitating the achievement of sustainable water development. To this end, the present study endeavors, by adopting a systemic approach, to formulate the link between the indicators of open and sustainable governance and the practical requirements and solutions associated with these indicators in Iran's water governance. This model seeks to provide a systematic framework for policy-making and decision-making at the national level by presenting a prioritization of indicators and their corresponding requirements, ensuring its implement ability within the actual context of the country's water resource management.
 
Method
This study adopted a qualitative-exploratory approach and utilized mixed methods. In the first phase, key indicators, requirements, and practical solutions were extracted through a systematic literature review (SLR) of topics related to open and sustainable governance. This review involved the analysis of 72 final selected articles identified through a screening process based on the research criteria. These consisted of 44 articles from Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Noormags; 17 articles from Springer, Emerald, and Magiran; and 11 articles identified through snowball sampling (references of previous articles). In the next phase, for each indicator extracted from the literature, the associated requirements were identified and supplemented, building upon prior studies. This was achieved through thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with water sector experts in Iran. Furthermore, practical solutions were formulated from the outset by relying on the thematic analysis of these semi-structured interviews. Using a problem-oriented approach, these solutions were examined and categorized across five key stakeholder levels: the public sector, the private sector, civil society and citizens, local governments, and the media. Finally, the integration of findings from these two phases provided the foundation for designing the proposed water governance model for Iran, based on the principles of open and sustainable governance. In the final stage, the prioritization process was conducted such that indicators were determined based on a combination of their alignment with existing weaknesses in Iran's water governance (using expert scoring) and their influence on other indicators (using the DEMATEL method). Similarly, requirements were prioritized based on a combination of their influence on other requirements within their respective indicators (using the DEMATEL method) and their importance in achieving the targeted indicator (using expert scoring).
 
Findings
The qualitative findings of this study, derived from the synthesis and comprehensive analysis of data obtained through the systematic literature review and thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with key stakeholders in Iran's water governance, identified and categorized the key indicators, requirements, and practical solutions for open and sustainable water governance. These findings are as follows:

Indicators of Open and Sustainable Governance: Seven key indicators were identified in this domain: transparency and access to information, participation and collaboration, accountability and responsiveness, technology and innovation, evidence-based and goal-oriented approach, flexibility and holism, and finally, value-based governance.
Requirements: A set of essential requirements, corresponding to each of the aforementioned indicators, was extracted to realize water governance in Iran based on the principles of open and sustainable governance.
Practical Solutions: Practical solutions corresponding to each indicator were identified to implement water governance in Iran based on open and sustainable governance principles. These solutions were categorized into five executive sectors: the public sector, the private sector, civil society and citizens, local governments, and the media.

Furthermore, the quantitative findings of the study, resulting from the integration of expert scoring and the DEMATEL method, indicated that policy actions should be prioritized in the following order: transparency and access to information, participation and collaboration, accountability and responsiveness, technology and innovation, evidence-based and goal-oriented approach, flexibility and holism, and finally, value-based governance. This prioritization, in conjunction with adhering to the ranked requirements for each indicator, establishes an operational roadmap for implementation.
 
Conclusion
In the realm of water governance in Iran, existing research has largely remained theoretical, neglecting the development of practical, indigenous models. Traditional water management methods have become inefficient, highlighting the urgent need to adopt novel approaches and technologies. Effective water management necessitates a cross-sectoral perspective, participatory decision-making, accountability, demand management, sustainable behavioral change, effective stakeholder negotiation, and flexible organizational structures. Open governance, by leveraging information technology and concepts such as open data and open government, can facilitate optimal water management through enhanced transparency, participation, accountability, and innovation. On the other hand, the sustainable governance approach emphasizes the balance between economic, social, environmental, and political dimensions, deeming the distribution of power and responsibility among government, the private sector, and civil society essential. The integration of these two approaches creates a comprehensive framework for managing Iran's water resources. The primary innovation of this study lies in linking the theoretical foundations of open and sustainable governance with the experiences of Iranian experts, thereby providing a scientific and practical model with a systemic approach for policymakers and water sector managers. Prioritization in the implementation of the model identifies the starting point for interventions, maximizing effectiveness. The practical implications of this model include strengthening trust, improving institutional efficiency, empowering citizens, fostering innovation, achieving a balanced distribution of power, enhancing decision-making, and increasing transparency, all of which contribute to reforming structures and addressing the country's water crises.
 
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors’ Contributions: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed collaboratively. All authors contributed to writing the manuscript and approved the final version.
 
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
The author(s) declare that there are no acknowledgments.
 
 

Keywords

References

Abbasabadi, H., Imani, A., Kord, B., Yaghoubi, N., & Vazife, Z. (2025). The role of open governance in linking new water governance approaches. Natural Resources Governance, 2(3), 279–305. https://doi.org/10.22059/jnrg.2025.404316.1060
Abu-Shanab, E. (2015). Reengineering the open government concept: An empirical support for a proposed model. Government Information Quarterly, 32(4), 453–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.07.002
Alderete, M. V. (2024). Application of a microeconomic approach for explaining citizen participation in open government. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 19(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer190200XX
Alexopoulos, C., Saxena, S., Rizun, N., Matheus, R., & Janssen, M. (2024). Are creative users more apt in reusing and adopting open government data (OGD)? Gender differences. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 52, 101478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101478
Altayar, M. S. (2018). Motivations for open data adoption: An institutional theory perspective. Government Information Quarterly, 35(4), 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.09.006
Alzamil, Z. S., & Vasarhelyi, M. A. (2019). A new model for efficient open government data. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 16, 174–187. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41310-019-00066-w
Badisar, S. N., Ahmadi, S. M., & Modabernejhad, A. (2020). Assessment of good governance indicators in the water sector. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22(2), 275–286. (In Persian)
Barchi, M., & Greco, M. (2018). Negotiation in open innovation: A literature review. Group Decision and Negotiation, 27, 343–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-018-9568-8
Chatwin, M., Arku, G., & Cleave, E. (2019). Defining subnational open government: Does local context influence policy and practice? Policy Sciences, 52(3), 451–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-019-09345-3
Chatwin, M., & Arku, G. (2017). Beyond ambiguity: Conceptualizing open government through a human systems framework. JeDEM, 9(1), 52–78. https://doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v9i1.468
Charalabidis, Y., Triantafillou, A., Karkaletsis, V., & Loukis, E. (2012). Public policy formulation through non-moderated crowdsourcing in social media. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Electronic Participation (pp. 156–169). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33250-0_14
Colabi, A. M., & Yaghoubi, N. M. (2022). Developing a sustainable governance model with an emphasis on entrepreneurial development. Journal of Public Administration, 14(2), 195–214. https://doi.org/10.22059/JIPA.2022.338281.3110
Costa, M. M. e., & Neto, S. (2023). Exploratory analysis of the water governance frameworks regarding the OECD principles in two river basins in Brazil and Portugal. Utilities Policy, 82, 101556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2023.101556
Crusoe, J. R., & Ahlin, K. (2019). Users’ activities for using open government data: A process framework. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 13(3/4), 213–236. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-01-2019-0002
Culina, A., Baglioni, M., Crowther, T. W., Visser, M. E., Woutersen-Windhouwer, S., & Manghi, P. (2018). Navigating the unfolding open data landscape in ecology and evolution. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2(3), 420–426. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0498-2
De la Guardia, F. H., Grant, S., & Miguel, E. (2018). A framework for open policy analysis. Science and Public Policy, 48(2), 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scaa067
Dawes, S. S., Vidiasova, L., & Parkhimovich, O. (2016). Planning and designing open government data programs: An ecosystem approach. Government Information Quarterly, 33(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.01.003
Dewi, D., & Nugroho, B. Y. (2024). The influencing factors of big data adoption for Indonesia open government. La Sociale, 5(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.37899/journallasociale.v5i1.XXX
Edalat Davari, F., & Abdi, M. R. (2018). Concepts, principles, and applications for sustainable development. In Adaptive water management. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70845-6
Edelenbos, J., & Meerkerk, I. (2015). Connective capacity in water governance practices: The meaning of trust and boundary spanning for integrated performance. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 12, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.08.009
Eivaz, M., Marzban, N., & Salehi, M. (2018). A search for good governance: Towards the sustainable governance model. Rahbord, 26(85), 55–85. (In Persian) https://sid.ir/paper/513943/fa
Erfanmanesh, I. (2021). Evaluation of substantial governance condition in the scientific institution of the Council for Humanities Promotion with regard to the manifest of the second step of the Islamic Revolution. Islamic Iranian Pattern of Progress Model, 9(1), 9–38. (In Persian)
Fang, J., Zhao, L., & Li, S. (2024). Exploring open government data ecosystems across data, information, and business. Government Information Quarterly, 41(2), 101934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2024.101934
Fattahi, S. (2018). National water report and complexity-based policy. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 8(27), 321–328. (In Persian) https://www.magiran.com/p1864379
Fernandes, S., Cesário, M., & Barata, J. M. (2017). Ways to open innovation: Main agents and sources in the Portuguese case. Technology in Society, 51, 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2017.09.002
Ferraris, A., Santoro, G., & Pellicelli, A. C. (2020). Openness of public governments in smart cities: Removing the barriers for innovation and entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16, 1359–1379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00651-4
Ghaemi, A., Larijani, M., Shabbiri, S. M., & Sarmadi, M. R. (2017). A conceptual model for sustainable governance in the integrated management of the country’s water resources with an emphasis on education and capacity building. Journal of Water and Wastewater, 28(4), 112–117. https://doi.org/10.22093/wwj.2016.16312
Ghasemi, A., Alavian, M., & Hosseini, M. (2022). Analysis of state-society interactions in Iranian water governance: Strategic implications. Quarterly of Political Strategic Studies, 11(42), 181–219. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22054/QPSS.2022.68358.3058
Haan, M., & Venema, S. D. (2025). Using a blended approach to thematic analysis: A case study on fatherhood and imprisonment. Public Opinion Quarterly, 89(SI), 716–733. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfaf033
Hilgers, D. (2012). Open government: Theoretische Bezüge und konzeptionelle Grundlagen einer neuen Entwicklung in Staat und öffentlichen Verwaltungen. Z Betriebswirtsch, 82(6), 631–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-012-0571-2
Hirth, L. (2020). Open data for electricity modeling: Legal aspects. Energy Strategy Reviews, 27, 100433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100433
Hossain, N., Talukder, S., Hoque, R., & Bao, Y. (2018). The use of open government data to citizen empowerment: An empirical validation of a proposed model. Foresight, 20(6), 665–680. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-03-2018-0027
Huang, R., Lai, T., & Zhou, L. (2017). Proposing a framework of barriers to opening government data in China: A critical literature review. Library Hi Tech, 35(3), 421–438. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-01-2017-0014
Islami, I., & Jalali, M. (2022). Analysis of adaptability the indigenous knowledge of water management with the indicators of good governance in the process of sustainable development (Stakeholders of Abarsaj village in Semnan province). Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 29(3), 241–250. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22092/ijrdr.2022.127637
Kankanhalli, A., Zuiderwijk, A., & Tayi, G. (2017). Open innovation in the public sector: A research agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 34(1), 84–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.12.002
Karakiza, M. (2015). The impact of social media in the public sector. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1214
Kassen, M. (2018). Adopting and managing open data: Stakeholder perspectives, challenges and policy recommendations. Aslib Journal of Information Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-11-2017-0250
Kitsios, F., & Kamariotou, M. (2018). Open data hackathons: An innovative strategy to enhance entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Innovation Science, 10(4), 519–538. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-06-2017-0055
Liu, Z., Yu, Y., & Lei, Y. (2024). Enhancing local governments’ environmental attention through open government data: Evidence from China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(5), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-XXXX-X
Lock, I. (2019). Explicating communicative organization-stakeholder relationships in the digital age: A systematic review and research agenda. Public Relations Review, 45(4), 101829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101829
Loukis, E., Charalabidis, Y., & Androutsopoulou, A. (2016). Promoting open innovation in the public sector through social media monitoring. Government Information Quarterly, 33(1), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.10.004
Lyu, Y., Zhu, Y., Han, S., He, B., & Bao, L. (2020). Open innovation and innovation radicalness: The moderating effect of network embeddedness. Technology in Society, 62, 101292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc
Maretti, M., Russo, V., & Gobbo, E. (2020). Open data governance: Civic hacking movement, topics and opinions in digital space. Quality & Quantity, 55, 1133–1154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01045-y
Matheus, R., Faber, R., Ismagilova, E., & Janssen, M. (2023). Digital transparency and usefulness for open government. International Journal of Information Management, 68, 102556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102556
Mato-Santiso, V., Rey-García, M., & Sanzo-Pérez, M. (2021). Managing multi-stakeholder relationships in nonprofit organizations through multiple channels: A systematic review and research agenda for enhancing stakeholder relationship marketing. Public Relations Review, 47(4), 102074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102074
McBride, K., Aavik, G., Toots, M., Kalvet, T., & Krimmer, R. (2019). How does open government data-driven co-creation occur? Government Information Quarterly, 36(4), 101401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.101401
Meijer, A. J., Lips, M., & Chen, K. (2019). Open governance: A new paradigm for understanding urban governance in an information age. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 1, Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2019.00003
Meijer, A., & Potjer, S. (2018). Citizen-generated open data: An explorative analysis of 25 cases. Government Information Quarterly, 35(4), 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.10.004
Meijer, A. J., Curtin, D., & Hillebrandt, M. (2012). Open government: Connecting vision and voice. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78(1), 10–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852311429533
Mergel, I. (2018). Open innovation in the public sector: Drivers and barriers for the adoption of Challenge.gov. Public Management Review, 20(5), 726–745. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2017.1320044
Mergel, I. (2014). Opening government: Designing open innovation processes to collaborate with external problem solvers. Social Science Computer Review, 33(5), 599–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314560851
Millard, J. (2015). Open governance systems: Doing more with more. Government Information Quarterly, 35(4), 577–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.08.003
Mirzaei, A., Knierim, A., Fealy Nahavand, S., & Shemshad, M. (2020). The role of social capital in water reservoirs governance: Evidence from northern Iran. Human Ecology, 48, 491–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-020-00168-y
Moon, M. J. (2019). Shifting from old open government to new open government: Four critical dimensions and case illustrations. Public Performance & Management Review, 43(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2019.1691024
Nosoohi, M., Etebarian, A., Hadi Paykani, M., & Ebrahimzade, R. (2021). Explain the open policy making model in realizing principle of open government. Public Administration Perspective, 12(2), 15–33. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.48308/jpap.2021.101600
Mutambik, I., Almuqrin, A., & Liu, Y. (2023). Increasing continuous engagement with open government data: Learning from the Saudi experience. Journal of Global Information Management. https://doi.org/10.4018/JGIM.314194
Nikvashvili, T. (2019). Open governance as a tool for strengthening the system of e-democracy in Georgia. JeDEM, 11(2), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.29379/jedem.v11i2.547
Oskouhi, M., & Esmaili, K. (2021). Analysis of governance theories and water resources management in Iran. Journal of Water and Sustainable Development, 8(1), 1–10. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22067/JWSD.V8I1.88216
OECD. (2016). Open government: The global context and the way forward (Highlights). OECD Publishing.
Paliokaite, A., & Sadauskaite, A. (2023). Institutionalisation of participative and collaborative governance: Case studies of Lithuania 2030 and Finland 2030. Futures, 150, 103174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2023.103174
Palumbo, R., Casprini, E., & Manesh, M. F. (2023). Unleashing open innovation in the public sector: A bibliometric and interpretive literature review. Management Decision, 61(13), 103–171. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-12-2022-1745
Park, E. G., & Oh, W. (2020). Factors and their relationships in measuring the progress of open government. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 72(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-04-2019-0083
Parung, G. A., Hidayanto, A. N., Sandhyaduhita, P. I., Ulo, K. L. M., & Phusavat, K. (2018). Barriers and strategies of open government data adoption using fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS: A case of Indonesia. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 12(3/4), 210–243. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-04-2018-0027
Pedersen, K. (2020). What can open innovation be used for and how does it create value? Government Information Quarterly, 37(2), 101459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101459
Pedregal, B., Cabello, V., Hernández-Mora, N., Limones, N., & Del Moral, L. (2015). Information and knowledge for water governance in the networked society. Water Alternatives, 8(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.XXXXXXX
Peyghan, V., Yaghoubi, N. M., & Keikha, A. (2022). Identifying and prioritization of good governance effective factors focused on a sustained development approach. Public Management Researches, 15(55), 93–123. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22111/JMR.2022.40358.5640
Purwanto, A., Zuiderwijk, A., & Janssen, M. (2020). Citizen engagement with open government data: Lessons learned from Indonesia’s presidential election. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 14(4), 667–689. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-09-2019-0089
Sardarshahraki, A., Shahraki, J., & Hashemi Monfared, S. A. (2016). Study of management approaches to water resources exploitation in Sistan region using fuzzy hierarchical analysis (FAHP). Public Management Researchs, 9(31), 73–98. (In Persian) https://sid.ir/paper/222156/fa
Saxena, S. (2018). Asymmetric open government data (OGD) framework in India. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 20(5), 434–448. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPRG-11-2017-0059
Shunglu, R., Kopke, S., Kanoi, L., Nissanka, T. S., Withanachchi, C. R., Gamage, D. U., Dissanayake, H. R., Kibaroglu, A., Unver, O., & Withanachchi, S. (2022). Barriers in participative water governance: A critical analysis of community development approaches. Water, 14(5), 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050762
Sieber, R. E., & Johnson, P. A. (2015). Civic open data at a crossroads: Dominant models and current challenges. Government Information Quarterly, 32(3), 308–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.05.003
Simonofski, A., Zuiderwijk, A., Clarinval, A., & Hammedi, W. (2022). Tailoring open government data portals for lay citizens: A gamification theory approach. International Journal of Information Management, 62, 102430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102430
Susha, I., Grönlund, Å., & Janssen, M. (2015). Organizational measures to stimulate user engagement with open data. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 9(2), 181–206. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-05-2015-0017
Swain, J. (2018). A hybrid approach to thematic analysis in qualitative research: Using a practical example. SAGE Research Methods.
Tai, K.-T. (2021). Open government research over a decade: A systematic review. Government Information Quarterly, 38(2), 101566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101566
Talukder, S., Shen, L., Talukder, F. H., & Bao, Y. (2019). Determinants of user acceptance and use of open government data (OGD): An empirical investigation in Bangladesh. Technology in Society, 56, 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.09.013
Tuomisto, J. T., Pohjola, M. V., & Rintala, T. J. (2020). From insight network to open policy practice: Practical experiences. Health Research Policy and Systems, 18, Article 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-020-00547-3
Van Damme, J., Caluwaerts, D., & Brans, M. (2016). Coproduction in health planning: Challenging the need for “open” policy-making processes. International Journal of Public Administration, 39(13), 1056–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2016.1186180
Vieira, F. C., Bonfim, L. R. C., & Cruz, A. C. (2021). The process of opening innovation networks: Open innovation at Embrapa Florestas. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(2), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020135
Veljković, N., Bogdanović-Dinić, S., & Stoimenov, L. (2014). Benchmarking open government: An open data perspective. Government Information Quarterly, 31(2), 278–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.10.011
Wijenhoven, F., Ehrenhard, M., & Kuhn, J. (2015). Open government objectives and participation motivations. Government Information Quarterly, 32(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.10.002
Xiao, J., & Zhang, H. (2020). Quality assessment framework for open government data meta-synthesis of qualitative research, 2009–2019. The Electronic Library, 38(2), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-06-2019-0145
Yang, M., Ahn, J., & Shin, D. (2018). A 3D simulation of river basin boundary based on the change of water-level using open government data in South Korea. Spatial Information Research, 26, 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-018-0194-5
Yang, T.-M., & Wu, Y.-J. (2016). Examining the socio-technical determinants influencing government agencies’ open data publication. Government Information Quarterly, 33(3), 378–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.05.003
Yi, M. (2019). Exploring the quality of government open data: Comparison study of the UK, the USA and Korea. The Electronic Library, 37(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-06-2018-0124
Yuan, Q., & Gasco-Hernandez, M. (2019). Open innovation in the public sector: Creating public value through civic hackathons. Public Management Review, 23(4), 523–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.169588
Zareshahabadi, A., & Bonyad, L. (2022). Pathology of research related to water governance in Iran with a trans-current approach (Time period: 2001–2018). Social Problems of Iran, 12(2), 143–170. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22059/ijsp.2022.87908
Zhang, N., Zhao, X., Zhang, Z., Meng, Q., & Tan, H. (2016). What factors drive open innovation in China’s public sector? A case study of official document exchange via microblogging (ODEM) in Haining. Government Information Quarterly, 34(1), 126–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.11.002
Zhang, H., Bi, Y., Kang, F., & Wang, Z. (2022). Incentive mechanisms for government officials' implementing open government data in China. Online Information Review, 46(2), 224–243. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-05-2020-0154
Zwarteveen, M. (2015). Regulating water, ordering society: Practices and politics of water governance (Inaugural Lecture 529). University of Amsterdam. https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.477464
 

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics